In the second quarter of 2025, oil flows from Saudi Arabia to China declined sharply. This downturn can be attributed to a combination of seasonal and structural factors. Notably, Chinese refineries traditionally undergo scheduled maintenance during Q2, particularly in April and May. This maintenance period temporarily reduces the country's crude oil demand, decreasing import volumes. Additionally, inventories that had been stockpiled in the first quarter were likely drawn down, as Chinese importers had proactively increased purchases ahead of anticipated market shifts, such as price hikes or supply disruptions. This front-loading of imports occurred just as a key development unfolded in global oil supply. In late April 2025, OPEC+ announced it would begin gradually unwinding its voluntary production cuts, starting in June with an additional 411,000 barrels per day of crude entering the market. The timing suggests that importers may have been positioning themselves ahead of expected changes in supply dynamics. The bloc's leading producers, Saudi Arabia and Russia spearheaded this decision. The move was motivated by a desire to regain market share and stimulate global demand, particularly as oil prices had begun to soften amid economic uncertainties.
Following the OPEC+ announcement, crude oil prices fell significantly. Brent crude experienced its steepest monthly decline since November 2021, dropping nearly 9% in April alone. This brought prices below the key $80 per barrel threshold, reflecting bearish market sentiment. Analysts now forecast that Brent will remain under pressure for the rest of 2025, with average prices expected in the $75–78 range. Looking ahead into 2026, institutions such as Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, and the International Energy Agency (IEA) project continued price softness due to sluggish industrial growth in China and Europe, rising output from non-OPEC producers—especially U.S. shale—and potential oversupply if OPEC+ compliance erodes.
Despite the Q2 downturn, there is reason to expect a recovery in Chinese crude oil imports in the second half of 2025. Several large refining projects, including Zhejiang Petrochemical Phase II and Shenghong Petrochemical, are scheduled to ramp up operations in the coming months. This will increase the country's crude throughput and necessitate higher feedstock imports. Additionally, the Chinese government is preparing new economic stimulus measures focused on manufacturing and infrastructure, both energy-intensive sectors. These measures are likely to support domestic demand for refined products and, by extension, crude oil imports.
Moreover, if crude prices remain subdued, particularly under $75 per barrel, China may seize the opportunity to replenish its strategic petroleum reserves. While Beijing continues to diversify its sources of crude, increasing purchases from Russia, the UAE, and potentially Iran, it remains highly price-sensitive. Should Saudi Arabia offer competitive pricing and favourable contract terms, Chinese refiners could resume or even expand purchases from the Kingdom in the latter half of the year.
Amid a sustained downturn in global oil prices—Brent crude recently fell below $60 per barrel due to increased OPEC+ output and subdued demand—China may find an opportune moment to bolster its strategic petroleum reserves. However, recent U.S. sanctions targeting Chinese independent refiners, specifically Shandong Shouguang Luqing Petrochemical and Shandong Shengxing Chemical, for importing Iranian oil have disrupted operations and deterred other refiners from similar purchases. Despite these challenges, China's commitment to diversifying its crude sources remains evident, with continued imports from Russia, the UAE, and other nations. Should Saudi Arabia offer competitive pricing and favourable contract terms, Chinese refiners may resume or even expand purchases from the Kingdom in the latter half of the year.
In summary, the Q2 2025 decline in Saudi oil flows to China reflects a mix of seasonal demand reduction, strategic inventory adjustments, and evolving global supply dynamics. The OPEC+ decision to raise output has introduced downward pressure on prices, while geopolitical and macroeconomic uncertainties continue to influence global demand. However, signs point to a possible rebound in Chinese imports from Saudi Arabia later in the year, contingent on refinery utilization, economic stimulus, and the relative attractiveness of Saudi crude compared to other suppliers.
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Creating a sustainable world requires us to embark on a journey towards a zero emission future, where every step is a commitment to preserve our planet for future generations.
Albert Greenway
Environmental Scientist, Sustainability Expert
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Increased Use of Renewable Energy:
Shipping companies are embracing renewable energy sources to power onboard systems and reduce emissions during port operations. Solar panels and wind turbines are being installed on vessels to generate clean energy, reducing reliance on auxiliary engines, and cutting down emissions. Shore power facilities in ports allow ships to connect to the electrical grid, eliminating the need for onboard generators while docked.
Collaboration and Industry Partnerships:
Recognizing that addressing emissions requires collective action, shipping companies, governments, and organizations have formed partnerships and collaborations. These initiatives focus on research and development, sharing best practices, and promoting knowledge transfer. Joint projects aim to develop and deploy innovative technologies, improve infrastructure, and create a supportive regulatory framework to accelerate the industry's transition towards a greener future. The Zero Emission Shipping - Mission Innovation.
To pave the way for a greener future in shipping, the availability of alternative fuels plays a vital role in their widespread adoption. However, this availability is influenced by factors such as port infrastructure, local regulations, and government policies. As the demand for cleaner fuels in shipping rises and environmental regulations become more stringent, efforts are underway to improve the accessibility of these fuels through infrastructure development, collaborations, and investments in production facilities.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) infrastructure has seen significant growth in recent years, resulting in more LNG bunkering facilities and LNG-powered vessels. Nonetheless, the availability of LNG as a marine fuel can still vary depending on the region. To ensure consistent availability worldwide, there is a need for further development of LNG supply chains and infrastructure. For biofuels, their availability hinges on production capacity and the availability of feedstock. Although biofuels are being produced and utilized in various sectors, their availability as a marine fuel remains limited. Scaling up biofuel production and establishing robust supply chains are imperative to ensure wider availability within the shipping industry.Hydrogen, as a fuel for maritime applications, is still in the early stages of infrastructure development. While some hydrogen vessels have been tested or introduced in the first quarter of last year, the infrastructure required for hydrogen production and distribution needs further advancement.
Ammonia, as a marine fuel, currently faces limitations in availability. The production, storage, and handling infrastructure for ammonia need further development to support its widespread use in the shipping industry.Methanol, on the other hand, is already a commercially available fuel and has been used as a blend with conventional fuels in some ships. However, its availability as a standalone marine fuel can still be limited in certain regions. Bureau Veritas in October 2022 published a White Paper for the Alternative Fuels Outlook. This white paper provides a comprehensive overview of alternative fuels for the shipping industry, taking into account key factors such as technological maturity, availability, safety, emissions, and regulations.
Creating a sustainable world requires us to embark on a journey towards a zero emission future, where every step is a commitment to preserve our planet for future generations.
Albert Greenway
Environmental Scientist, Sustainability Expert
Increased Use of Renewable Energy:
Shipping companies are embracing renewable energy sources to power onboard systems and reduce emissions during port operations. Solar panels and wind turbines are being installed on vessels to generate clean energy, reducing reliance on auxiliary engines, and cutting down emissions. Shore power facilities in ports allow ships to connect to the electrical grid, eliminating the need for onboard generators while docked.
Collaboration and Industry Partnerships:
Recognizing that addressing emissions requires collective action, shipping companies, governments, and organizations have formed partnerships and collaborations. These initiatives focus on research and development, sharing best practices, and promoting knowledge transfer. Joint projects aim to develop and deploy innovative technologies, improve infrastructure, and create a supportive regulatory framework to accelerate the industry's transition towards a greener future. The Zero Emission Shipping - Mission Innovation.
To pave the way for a greener future in shipping, the availability of alternative fuels plays a vital role in their widespread adoption. However, this availability is influenced by factors such as port infrastructure, local regulations, and government policies. As the demand for cleaner fuels in shipping rises and environmental regulations become more stringent, efforts are underway to improve the accessibility of these fuels through infrastructure development, collaborations, and investments in production facilities.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) infrastructure has seen significant growth in recent years, resulting in more LNG bunkering facilities and LNG-powered vessels. Nonetheless, the availability of LNG as a marine fuel can still vary depending on the region. To ensure consistent availability worldwide, there is a need for further development of LNG supply chains and infrastructure. For biofuels, their availability hinges on production capacity and the availability of feedstock. Although biofuels are being produced and utilized in various sectors, their availability as a marine fuel remains limited. Scaling up biofuel production and establishing robust supply chains are imperative to ensure wider availability within the shipping industry.Hydrogen, as a fuel for maritime applications, is still in the early stages of infrastructure development. While some hydrogen vessels have been tested or introduced in the first quarter of last year, the infrastructure required for hydrogen production and distribution needs further advancement.
Ammonia, as a marine fuel, currently faces limitations in availability. The production, storage, and handling infrastructure for ammonia need further development to support its widespread use in the shipping industry.Methanol, on the other hand, is already a commercially available fuel and has been used as a blend with conventional fuels in some ships. However, its availability as a standalone marine fuel can still be limited in certain regions. Bureau Veritas in October 2022 published a White Paper for the Alternative Fuels Outlook. This white paper provides a comprehensive overview of alternative fuels for the shipping industry, taking into account key factors such as technological maturity, availability, safety, emissions, and regulations.
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